As 2020 draws to a close and we look towards 2021, the importance of innovation and progress in science, medicine and healthcare has never felt more urgent or critical. Without doubt, COVID-19 has changed the world, and the pandemic has brought science, medicine and healthcare firmly to the fore. This important issue of Scientia celebrates the vital work of scientists seeking to improve the health and well-being of individuals across the globe and provides testimony to what can be achieved, even in the most challenging of times.

The first section in this edition is devoted to the foundational (or basic) sciences in medicine and healthcare. By understanding the biological processes that underpin life, we also gain insight into those responsible for disease. From exploring how life on earth can grow through the process of DNA replication to understanding how the brain can change and reorganise itself, this exciting journey leads us through a diverse range of research that is laying the foundations for a healthier world.

Our second section highlights the researchers who are working to tackle the challenges presented by diseases and disorders with a focus on medical breakthroughs and scientific advancement. Here, we read of much-needed treatment innovation across both commonly occurring and considerably more rare conditions.

The third section is dedicated to recent advances in the promotion of women’s health and well-being. From overcoming the complexities of chronic diseases such as diabetes and breast cancer to difficulties with fertility and menopause, we showcase the work of researchers who are focussed on significantly improving the lives of women across the world.

Our fourth and final section celebrates recent innovations in surgical methods and rehabilitation that are improving patient treatment and care. Here, we can read of vital research into preventing and treating spinal cord injury, the potential uses of novel brain imaging technologies and nanoparticles, and finally, how research collaborations are successfully confronting challenges faced by healthcare systems arising from our increasingly ageing population.